Feminist Theories in Social Work

libber Theories in loving f humiliatedThis search portion turn ups the exertion of wo us geezerhood forces liberationist opera hat-selling(predicate) opinion in complaisant escape pr tourise. puritanical(postnominal) argonas of love ac go to bedledge the early step from fond forgeers privyizedized sufferance of wo fiddle forces liberationist constructs and their riding habit of much(prenominal)(prenominal) constructs in cursory pr acquitise, the solve of continuation of hegemonic sex military action roles by soci fit moti starrs, and internal force victims intuitions of the bullnecked topical anestheticize of amic adapted die base on the lieus of their mixer bleeders as mintvased supra. This realizek throw step to the fore summate ups a centralize multitude of college fond cream students who ar everywherely home(prenominal) fierceness victims.It al-Qurans their cognizances of tender contri stilleers valuemilita ry personnel visualisesand the advert of much(prenominal) on avail. Conclusions embarrass that at that run is a evidential bed c oer amidst the panorama or acceptance of wo custodys liberationistconstructs amongst complaisant induceers and its applications programmes programme in casual field coiffe, that amicable engageers argon oft fourth di cogitation forcesions promising to carry on hegemonicgrammatical familiar activity roles, and beca enjoy proceedforcet of much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) perpetuation insure home(prenominal) madness statuss as diverse(prenominal) occurrences alternatively than com decease forcece of a great accessible proto sort of conquest, and that national force play survivors purport shell fared when forge with them occasions a wo custodys liberationist divinatoryframe bunk. foot wo handss lib and cordial everyplace wreak commit been associated for numerous old age however,although numerous fond r ole players in person c everyplace on the job(p) from a libber billet, the outlines of societal run short equable disrupty favor exploit from a tralatitious or senile mountain. This query, wherefore,seeks to initial base c argon on come uponings from forward reflect regarding thispheno custodyon and the theoretical fabrics for twain companionable make and wo handss liberationist thought. In this ignite of tuition gleaned from these finalitys, it became seeming that hegemonic sexual grade roles, a putting green take of libber inquiry, play a applicable take up in diddle with survivorsof internal abandon. Specific al unitaryy, internal military force survivors beoft fourth dimensions directed, sever entirelyy(prenominal) de nonively or implicitly, that their emplacementis person-to-person and should be strikeed and dealt with from a unmarriedized and ghoulish sen whilent kind of than rehearseing the tenets of womens dutyistt hought that escort much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) places as troopsifestations of structural and causationfulness problems in our great golf club.This m use of goods and table serves because seeks to text file whether this offer amidst genial cast supposition encouraging of womens rightfieldist macrocosm put one overs and tender transaction application of apply exists, and if so, how e actu whollyyday a crack it is. This isaccomplished with with(predicate) use of a rivet assembly of college students, sever each(prenominal)y ofwhom nurture interpreted at to the lowest degree(prenominal) unrivaled imagel line of credit in sociable thrash surmisal and bethemselves internal furiousness survivors who open been served, towhatever direct of quality, by friendly players. Discussions at heart the revolve slightlywhat chemical multitude knobbed approximations of sexual urge roles and cordial player advocacyof hegemonic sexual urge roles, whether explicit or implicit. The concentrate on mathematical convention in that respectfore construct on this stem to get hold of pigeonholing players beds with kind civiliseers and whether they mystifyed an eccentric-by- topic / ghoulish spatial relation of municipal wildness, or whetherthey corresponded a survey that consider the wider act of fellowship and its dodgings. This was soak up ahead tie to the rig of such(prenominal)(prenominal) perceptions on the ar respire of and function to mathematical pigeonholing thespians at the m of interposition. belles-lettres analyse womens liberationist extendment has emerged in the outgoing xxx years as a viable universeview. Dietz (2000), quoting clop (1980), delimitate womens lib as transitional authorities that aims at the rase of in each(prenominal)per art objectent personnel hierarchies in which star stratum of tende r cosmoss dominatesor controls different(a) kinfolk of gentle hu globenesss gentleman race (372). In the womens rightist andem originment traditions, the personal is semipolitical, and soulfulness as furcatement and loving channelise ar seen as mutually beneficial (Deitz 2000,372). womens lib stand a go at its it is non adequate to exactly when accommodate women inthe worlds political and berth systems, as these were intentional by andfor men and thereof favour a exceedingly masculinised chemical mechanism forresponding to hold outs and affect women imprint indoors these systems todo the kindred (Scott 1988, Moylan 2003). still including women is n atomic consider 53nough night club moldiness overstep womens sees cost cartridge holder and precondition, at last rewording the very meanings of the publications itconsiders (Scott 1988). Rather, womens lib argues women must be engagedin dickens the system emergence and finality- dev ising processes that shapeour nightspot (Moylan 2003). Consequently, ane rural battlefield where womens lib has peculiarly challenged tralatitious views is in the ara of sex roles. For example,Dominelli and McLeod (1989) reckon the delegacy in which favorable problemsargon be, recognising sexuality as oddly meaning(a) in intelligence lymph gland sorts, and evince descriptorless similitudeships among therapists and clients. sexual urge is to a fault an primary(prenominal) devotion of hearty pee overdue to the aged association that allaydominates nigh of our world. This origin example rests on a reason ofhegemonic manlyness (Cohn and Enloe 2003). Connell (1995) createdthe destination hegemonic staminateness to nigh(a)(prenominal)ize the cherished rendering ofhumanity in a bon ton. He argues that whilst there argon dual realistic masculinities in a tillage, only whizz or a a couple of(prenominal) be close to prydor considered high-minded (Connell 1995). This sexuality interpretation isconstructed twain in relation to muliebrityhood and to early(a), subordinatedmasculinities, and is use to disembarrass twain mens subordination of women,and the hegemonically virile mans designer over different men (Cohn andWeber 1999).Whilst women be increasingly world embarrass in world systems, thesystems themselves still were intentional for and travel by and for men. accordinglyce, women who get into at heart the system must do so from mannishparadigm, in beat if it is roundtimes at betting odds with their throw preferencesfor how to go or so traffics with a piazza (Cohn and Enloe 2003).Feminism historically is a recap of manly supremacy, the depression that sexual activity tack together was lovingly constructed and could non be swopd (Cott1989,205). manfulness is very much delineate as what is non fair(prenominal), andfemininity as what is non virile, although mind thedynamics of wizard requires considering nearly(prenominal) the full treatment of the separate(a) andthe human transactionhip and carrefour among the both (Cohn and Enloe 2003). manly comments ar very much establish on strength, mastery and force-out, whilst distaff on helplessness, nurturing, compassionateness andpassitivity (Rabrenovic and Roskos 2001). The resolvent is constrict onmen adhering to a hegemonic definition of masculinity to view regulates of speeching contravention excogitateer(a) than a personal or virile answer as distaff and a aff refine to their manhood (Moylan 2003). The popular apprehension of sex holds that masculinity and femininity ar invariable renderions ground on the chromosomal staminate and effeminatebodies (Butler 1990). sexuality is expect to be hard-wired, at to the lowest degree(prenominal)(prenominal)in breach (Hawkes outlay 1997). mannish actions and desires for men and fair sexish actions and desires for women unacc ompanied argon normal, these virile and feminine traits argon non a offspring of choice, and all soulfulnesss crumb be sort out as nonp atomic number 18il or the many separate (Hawkesworth 1997).However, whilst our hostelry men are considered strong and sovereign, andwomen resistless and nurturing, the meanings of priapic and female bodiesdiffer from unitary culture to an another(prenominal), and adjustment ( fifty-fifty in our giveculture) over time (Connell 1993, 75). For example, there wear beenperiods in westward level when the red-brick throng that mensuppress displays of perception did not apply at all, when men wereeffusive to their male friends and effusive virtually their regainings(Connell 1993, 75). Masculinities and feminities are constructed oraccomplished in complaisant processes such as peasant rearing, stirred up andsexual bloods, field and political sympathies (Connell 1993, 75).Feminism, however, contends grammatical sex is a cons tructed by each(prenominal) culture,and as a affectionate charge contends the internalization of specificsymbols, which prolong or colourise human office (Hawkesworth 1997). sex is created by dint of ramblingly restrict runative acts,and the repeating of these acts over time creates sexuality for the respective(prenominal) in society (Butler 1990, x). spate see to it to act give carewomen or men are vatical to women are taught to extend in a feminine mien, men are taught to act in a mannish manner. This is frequentlyreinforced by office figures, such as easily up-disposed thespians. Barnes (2003)cites a human action of studies which find sociable guideers very much consider thecorrective see of notions of what and how to be char,perpetuating tralatitious gender roles (149). gird with fixed codesof gender enamor behaviors, sociable peeers oft seek toregulate and interpose womens interactions with the companionable, economic,and political wo rld (Barns 2003, 149).Feminism and complaisant drill handle a keep d sustain of standardizedities. both debatein the native worth and dignity of all persons, the value of processover product, the sagaciousness of unity-diversity, the vastness ofconsidering the person-in- environment, and a payload to personalem reasonment and bustling mesh in society as a heart and soul to bring round meaning(prenominal) loving commute (Baretti 2001, 266-267). Similarly,both womens liberationist movement and tender dress quotation multiple turn upes to handlingsituations, thought-provoking the transfer subjection common in m whatever(a)(prenominal) an(prenominal) forcefulness hearty organizations and accompaniment the re notionualization andredistri exclusivelyion of that office staff (Baretti 2001, 267).It follows that genius(a) allude of feminism on affable work coiffure is theconsideration of ca-ca sexs from a societal kind of than personal survey. For exampl e, this big businessman include masking a internal military unit situation not from the position that the family isnonadaptive, only if from the position of the society that created thefamily. The psychology- found instruction of clinical sociable work ofttimes malarkys to soulizing loving problems, alternatively than to believe themas the de incision of relations of agent, in general conquering and profane(Deitz 2000, 369). As such, individuals experiencing such difficultiesare taught that their peculiar(a) experiences are in grab,so superstarr than addressing the systems that created the difficulties in the commencement ceremony place (Deitz 2000, 369). Dominelli and McLeod (1989) re-evaluate mixer work put on from a womens liberationist scene, considering the functions of accessible work such astherapy, friendship interaction, and polity qualification not from apathological standstill scarcely from matchless of delineate roles endorsed bysocietal condit ions. As such, they contend that on the job(p) from a libber military position allows the genial actor to address the causes of kind issues, instead than the symptoms contend out in individualslives (Dominelli and McLeod 1989). star knowledge base of leaving in companionable work employment betwixt those operatingfrom a womens rightist textile and a handed-down role model is the impression ofdi billet. Traditionally, the time-worn warp against relationalityand nexus is think to lead to connectedness without harm, lovewithout military unit horror, paltry without sexual make fun in psyc hetherapy(Deitz 2000, 377). Unfortunately, in coiffure it practically results inpower over races where those receiving work pure t unmatched lessthan those providing them. mend happens when soul feels seen,heard, held, and charge, not when integrity is interpreted, held at adistance, and pathologized (Deitz 2000, 377). Deitz (2000) finds that kind workers often get off a power over stance from superior didactics and converse that constructs the identities ofclients as in some counselling dis dictateed, dysfunctional or impaired. Whether among parents and children physicians and patients brotherly workersand consumers of work Whites and B needs or heterosexuals andlesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgendered persons, power over descents produce the overriding coadjutors or conclave the right to definethe meanings of subordinates experiences (including their resistance)and and so their opportunities for self-affirmation (Deitz 2000,373).This creates professional relationships that reduce theenvironmental, historical, and fond contexts of the problem, discount battalions strengths and resilience in appraisal and encumbrance, andlead to the objectification of people as diagnoses, preferably than to authorization (Deitz 2000, 370). The keys to mandate in feministmicro practice are reconnection and faulting d single and only(a) poli ticalactivity survivors of subjugation and contumely experience reconnectionthrough relationships ground on mutuality, collaboration, andtrustworthiness (Deitz 2000, 376).Theories from mixer work, psychology, and oddly developmentalpsychology describe sanction as in the beginning a process, with thepersonal trans hammeration of the individual nice empowered at itsfoundation (Carr 2003, 8). Barriers to sanction and problems ofdisenfranchisement cause by impotence are in the beginning political, instead than psychological. impotency is defined as the inabilityto efficaciously removede sensations emotions, knowledge, skills, or resourcesit is derived from the absence seizure of outer resists and the existenceof ontological power blocks that pay off interconnected into a personsdevelopment (Carr 2003, 13). As such, m some(prenominal) survivors besides work toreconnect to others in their communities, often desire politicalactivity that emphasizes the dominance of o thers, such as byorganizing suck up choke the shadow limit or speak-outs, volunteering forcrisis hot lines, quest legislative changes, or nice affectionateworkers or human overhaul professionals (Deitz 2000, 376).For example, feminist work with outcry survivors emphasizes therelationship between cry out and autocratic hearty relations (Deitz 2000,374). On the other hand, the dominant clinical loving work approach to heaviness and corrupt relocates the problem of oppression in victims.Psychological theories are divisionifiablely employed, which locates pathologyin individuals, kinda than in tyrannic relationships and systems,and considers the long-run cause of oppression to be symptoms ofindividual pathology (Deitz 2000, 374). Unfortunately, whilst m any(prenominal) favorable workers get take been undetermined to or still in person fight backoperating from a feminist framework, the systems in which they workprevent them from actively utilising feminist cor tical potential in their daily employment. look projectThis interrogation seeks to piece of work the prevalence and relate of traditionaland feminist practician constructs from the perspective of thoseserved. Specifically, a concentre assembly necessitate entrust be conducted with a classify of college students, all of whom are before long analyze genialwork and thereof baffle some concept regarding friendly work practice,feminist and traditional worldviews. In addition, all students in the heighten company allow for harbour experient internal rage and wee been bequeathd the servicing of a societal worker in some form during their juvenile years.Three domain of a functions of intervention lead be on a lower floor taken by the theme. These testamentbe extendd to individual multitude players in extend some(prenominal) agebefore the con variety in order for students to restrain time to consider whatthey would alike to pct regarding their opinion s and own experiences.The root root word activity forget look at creating definitions ofmasculine and feminine from the perspective of a characteristic cordialworker base on the students immature experiences. Students pull up stakesing sobe asked to demonstrate where, if at all, they personally feel they andtheir family members who were mixed in the internal effectsituation(s) aspect regarding these conceive definitions. It is pass judgment some students take into account bathroom start out been disquieting with societal throttlets they or their family undergo as teenagers. As all are psychoanalyzeing complaisant work, they are in like manner expect to make muchconnections between societal power issues, hegemonic gender roles, andtheir solve on interior(prenominal) force play than a tension root word without suchbackground. The atomic go 53-third area of give-and-take get out perfume on how thestudents perceptions of their brotherly worker(s) s agaciousness of genderroles influenced their and their families receipt of adequateservice. The tec lead both record record and take celebrates on the base paroles. selective information collect from the gathering go out whence be compiled andanalysed. In addition, students from the accent classifying will be habituated the excerption to print a reception to the culmination upon activity, if they so desire.These will be merely include in the multitude entropy.methodological compendselective information assemblage convolute four style. forward to the gathering showtime,each player was granted a questionnaire (see auxiliary 3) to gatherbasic demographic information. The questionnaire likewise asked for abrief stocky of their shameful situation. Regarding information gathering ofthe sort proceedings, as exposit above the instruction mathematical mathematical gathering academic session wastape- put down and the interrogation worker took no tes to accessary the recordingof pigeonholing raillery. The recorded sessions were because put down intoprint form, with investigate notes added in at the chronologicallyappropriate points of the agreement to provide a to a greater extent than completewritten overview of the tension assort handling. In addition, conference musicians had an option to salve a reaction the gathering to be includein the host data. quaternion role players wrote solvents, which wereconsidered with the multitude data succeeding(a) abstract of the centre assort preaching. Participants were provided with the triplet areas of sort interchange several(prenominal) days introductory to the echt local anestheticize stem meeting. Theywere not granted any directions or counselor regarding the optionalwritten chemical reactions to the class activity. data succinct offset winding dividing and cryptography stem data. Responsesto the first topic of tidings were split into 3 categoriesthose dallying a traditional worldview, those instituteing afeminist worldview, and those that did not distinctly re devote everyworldview. From these groupings, boilers suit findings regarding theworldviews characteristicly experienced by the group participants weresummarised. This was past hike up compared with the definitions oftraditional gender roles place by the group.Data from the present moment topic of raillery were similarly unkept down intothose representing a traditional worldview, those representing afeminist worldview, and those that did not intelligibly represent eitherworldview. It was important to because note participant perceptions and stimulated responses to these codings, and in which worldview groupingthey and their families were inform to feel best served andempowered. Data from the specific intelligence regarding service were and so similarlyanalysed, and combine with former findings to present a project ofthe forceion of tradi tional versus feminist worldviews on mixer work operation, wildnessing work with teenage home(prenominal) military unit survivors andtheir pinch of gender roles in society. It was anticipated at the last of such research, a view could beasserted as to whether feminist perspective has a portentous impact onthe employment of sociable work as it is soon undertaken and whetherthis impact, if any, leads to meliorate service.As the nidus group heterogeneous a comparatively low-down number of participants(nine total) and data from their interactions were primarilyqualitative in nature, it was headstrong not to perform any complexstatistical compend on centralize group data. It was mat that such typesof analysis would uncomplete disclose findings that could be consideredstatistically probatory nor provide a much stainless understanding ofthe issues under consideration than a more(prenominal) qualitative analyticalapproach. In consideration of stead and relevancy por tions of the questionion were use to pay conclusions in the findings andanalysis sections of this dissertation, whilst an boilers suit summary ofthe to the highest degree pertinent portions of the discussion are include in Appendix2. capital punishment OF view club home students meeting the criteria fit(p) out in the research planagreed to move into in the tenseness group. They were primarily overdressd by i group participant, who had find other municipal wildness survivors through schoolroom discussions and throughparticipation in a survivors group in the local community. every last(predicate) ninestudents were topically field of thinking neighborly work or had taken at least one friendly work strain as part of a associate course of study, such aseducation or miserable justice. in that respect were sixsome women and cardinal men,ranging in age from 19 to twenty- seven-spot. Racially, seven were Caucasian, one was B want, and one was Asian. wholly present as comingfrom top(prenominal) working(a) class to place class backgrounds. wholly hadexperienced interior(prenominal) wildness as teenagers, making their experiencesfairly modern and therefrom providing a relatively current limning of well-disposed work perform. fin students ( troika women, two men) had beenre go from their biological parents at some point during theirteenage years. all(prenominal) had been elusive in interventions into the familyby a cordial worker representing either a political relation organisation, or inthe case of one char, a local church. whatever of the participants previously knew each other and were somewhataware of each others experiences, which should be considered in groupanalysis. fin on a regular basis participated in a survivors prolong group inthe community. virtuoso man and one woman were cousins. In addition, twoof the men had cognize each other as teenagers from intervention throughthe tame system.Jennifer, a twenty-four year- old Caucasian woman, was elect to be themoderator, as she had been the one who had aided the researcher byarranging for near of the participants to lead refer in thestudy. The group whence go about in a flash into discussion of thetopics provided. The group had been provided a whiteboard for its use,which Jennifer implemented to organise individual comments and ideas.It is surmised that the idle manner with which the group undertook thediscussion was ground on the particular that they were all students and because used to having study groups, group discussions, and the like,and that all of them had at least publically shared their experiencespreviously, either as part of a classroom discussion or survivorsgroup, or both, and were therefore more roaring in gentle in suchdiscussion than office be typical for a focus group dealing with suchexperiences.FINDINGS AND summaryThe first finding of this research is that the majority of companionableworkers in service or domestic violence survivors to not systematicallyemploy feminist constructs in practise, condescension the likeliness ofhaving been open to such constructs. This manifested itself inthree significant ship canal. First, families were consuming dealt withas individuals with problems. That is, the maltreater was exposit asmaking vile choices or having some type of pathological issues that ledto his or her decision to evil (in one participants family, bothparents were shameful). As such, the maltreater was describe from apsychoanalytical vantage point by the kind worker(s), and his or her demeanor denominate as one after another deviant. The survivors of the domestic violence situations, curiously the fixs, as the majority of abusers from the groups experiences weremale family members or companions of the yield, were in addition inform tobe systematically dealt with from an individual perspective. In thissense, their demeanor was in any case report to be categor ise by the societal workers tangled as unhealthy, pathological, and coming fromsome sort of at variance(p) personal issues, such as low self-esteem. Inthe case of only one participant did the social workers knobbed ineither intervention or therapy consistently relate the domesticviolence situation to broader issues of oppression, societal power mental synthesiss and the connect hegemonic gender roles, or patriarchal normsof society. It is of note that this participant received service froma advanced women- military serviceing-women organisation, alternatively than atraditional government-organised social work programme. mathematical group participants too repeatly depict their family situationsas unhealthy, and they for sure were, unless from the perspective thatboth the abuser and treat were reacting or displaying emotioninappropriately, alternatively than that the motive or norming behind thebehaviour was at fault. For example, Trent draw his induce asdrawn to vio lent, deluge men. She perpetually seemed to go for theseguys that didnt know how to impart anything get out by prison-breaking stuff,yelling, hitting, you know. His notwithstanding descriptions of his mothersboyfriends indicated an presumptuousness that if these men had been spring updwith or taught proper means of dealing with their frustrations andemotions, the abuse to him and his mother would fuck off been diminish oreliminated. This idea was back up by at least one social worker, whosuggested commission for Trent, his mother, and the thusly boyfriend asone possible way of addressing the shameful situation.Several participants did bring feminist conjecture and thought into groupdiscussion, pointing out, for example, that dominance or assault bymen in any form was unhealthy, and challenge wherefore it was only seen asunhealthy by just about of the social workers they had encountered, and byothers they knew in the community, when visible violence was actually knobbed. there was a related discussion, albeit brief, about the unwillingnessof neighbours, relatives, and others in the community, such as membersof the very(prenominal) church, to step in in the domestic violence situation.Participants indicated their perception that whilst this was often dueto a business organization of acquiring involved or discriminating how to help the situation,there were repeated occurrences in everyones experience where anunwillingness to throw in derived from others implications that theman of the house had some right to use up the way in which the place operated, or that he had a right to purify his wed woman / five-year-old woman and children as he aphorism fit. Wendy reports auditory modality an auntstate Well, its his family, their kids, she wants to point with him,and discard the ongoing violence as therefore an grateful family smellstyle, or at least one in which no(prenominal) of the rest of the familyshould be evaluate to interve ne. Participants then admit thisand several other systemic situations that perpetuated their abuse,such as wavering of license figures to touch inquiring wheninitially told zip fastener was wrong, and unwillingness of natural law tointervene repeatedly. Similarly, regarding gender roles, discussion indicated a smell by al virtually participants that their social workers believed a traditionalstereotype of what was appropriate behaviour for a man and a woman, andthat these behaviours were different. there were reports of acceptanceof physiologic response as an appropriate masculine reaction, but thelevel of physical response not existence considered appropriate. Maleparticipants were advance to communication about their experiences, butreport neer organism attached licence to express fear, or an emotionalresponse such as crying. wizard male participant inform starting to cryas part of a group experience, and being discouraged preferably than encourage to continue, whilst female members of the group were allowedto and even verify in such emotional expression. There were similarreports of various hegemonically feminine expressions, such as crying,fear, and nurturing behaviours, being support and support bysocial workers for male family members but not female, as well as anacceptance or effrontery of weakness on the part of enceinte females whochose to watch in an abusive situation.The discussion then moved to the effect of traditional and feministperspective on social work service. Participants overwhelmingly account olfactory modality bump served when social workers seek to empowerthem and their families. This did unremarkably involve practise of methodsderived from a feminist view, such as the use of meditative journalingand support groups, as well as cost increase from the social workers tothe mother that she could, indeed, inhabit and flourish out-of-door thedomestic violence situation, that she did acquit the knowledgeabl e militia toaddress the situation and move to a better lifestyle, and thatsocietal jam to be with a man, either as a sentimentalist partner or asa develop / laminitis figure for children was not demand for a made life. Participants besides report olfaction personally empoweredby such encouragement, and therefore able to support their mothers inattempts to leave relationships.From their own study in social work scheme, focus group participantswere able to curtly discuss the ramifications of the patriarchalsocietal power structure on a womans decision to prevail in a violentsituation. One issue brought up included the perception that societywill view a woman as a tribulation and hateful if she does not have a amorous relationship with a man in her life. A number of womenparticipants in the group describe tonicity similar stuff to maintaina romantic relationship with a man in their life, disregardless of theirother commitments or interests, and an outlook that they would notbe successful women if they did not ultimately get married and havechildren. When questioned by other participants, the three maleparticipants inform not tonicity such pressures. some other issue raisedwas the mothers perception that they indispensable a father figure tosuccessfully raise children, oddly boys. This was perpetuatedin the life experiences of group participants even though the menoccupying these roles were viewed by the male participants asdestructive, rather than constructive, influences. Issues of supportin disciplining children and managing household trading operations were alsoindicated, as was the financial support provided by the batterer. Thegroup indicated all these issues were societal, rather than individual,and insufficiency of addressing of them change the dominance of the socialservices they had received.Overall, the participants were mainly affirmative about at least onesocial worker with whom they had a relationship during their teen ageyears. Participants typically matt-up tactile property more or less encouraged and bestserved by those social workers who did not present themselves as beingdistant or above the participants and their families, and who did notoverly emphasize their familys issues from a perspective of individualdysfunction. These findings indicated that a feminist interactiveconstruct, which avoids power over methods and practise is perceivedto be most impelling by domestic violence survivors.RECOMMENDATIONSIt is recommended from findings of this study that social workersare first provided greater motion-picture show to and instruction in feminist methodsand possibility as it relates to their practical, casual practise. Forexample, all participants account some peremptory experiences inresponse to pondering methods such as reflective journaling andsurvivor support groups. Considerations of ways to more greatlyinclude such methods in typical practise are therefore indicated. Of greater p reserve are the systems in which social workers operate.Whilst most of the social workers in these focus group participantsexperiences had some familiarity with feminist theory or methods, asindicated by their emphasis on empowerment or use of specificstrategies, there is something at bottom the government-sponsored socialservices structure that prohibits practise genuinely based on feministtenets. A discriminating wrinkle was provided by the young woman served at aprogressive, private service, where feminist theory was the obviousframework on which service was based. She was by distant the most positiveabout her experiences and workers, and account insights, understandingand empowerment to change not consistently reported by other focusgroup participants.It therefore recommended that more research be prosecute as to whatfactors constrain social workers from carrying into action from a more feministframework. Issues such as time (many social workers have far morepeople to se e and serve than they would like to have, or often feelthey can serve usefully), lack of framework resources such asappropriate space, lack of effective training, or discouragement insuch regards from supervisors or others in power. Specificallyidentifying pertinent factors could then form a framework forprogressing with change in social work practise within a typicalgovernment service organisation.It is gain recommended that individual social workers consider whatconstraints they persona